This document defines the guidelines for the Apache HTTP Server Project. It includes definitions of how conflict is resolved by voting, who is able to vote, and the procedures to follow for proposing and making changes to the Apache products.
The objective here is to avoid unnecessary conflict over changes and continue to produce a quality system in a timely manner. Not all conflict can be avoided, but at least we can agree on the procedures for conflict to be resolved.
The group of volunteers who are responsible for managing the Apache HTTP Server Project. This includes deciding what is distributed as products of the Apache HTTP Server Project, maintaining the Project's shared resources, speaking on behalf of the Project, resolving license disputes regarding Apache products, nominating new PMC members or committers, and establishing these guidelines. Membership in the Apache PMC is by invitation only and must be approved by consensus of the active Apache PMC members. A PMC member is considered inactive by their own declaration or by not contributing in any form to the project for over six months. An inactive member can become active again by reversing whichever condition made them inactive ( i.e. , by reversing their earlier declaration or by once again contributing toward the project's work). Membership can be revoked by a unanimous vote of all the active PMC members other than the member in question.
The group of volunteers who are responsible for the technical aspects of the Apache HTTP Server Project. This group has write access to the appropriate source repositories and these volunteers may cast binding votes on any technical discussion. Membership as a Committer is by invitation only and must be approved by consensus of the active Apache PMC members. A Committer is considered inactive by their own declaration or by not contributing in any form to the project for over six months. An inactive member can become active again by reversing whichever condition made them inactive ( i.e. , by reversing their earlier declaration or by once again contributing toward the project's work). Membership can be revoked by a unanimous vote of all the active PMC members (except the member in question if they are a PMC member).
All of the volunteers who are contributing time, code, documentation, or resources to the Apache Project. A developer that makes sustained, welcome contributions to the project for over six months is usually invited to become a Committer, though the exact timing of such invitations depends on many factors.
The Apache developers' primary mailing list for discussion of issues and changes related to the project ( dev@httpd.apache.org ). Subscription to the list is open, but only subscribers can post directly to the list.
The Apache PMC's private mailing list for discussion of issues that are inappropriate for public discussion, such as legal, personal, or security issues prior to a published fix. Subscription to the list is only open (actually: mandatory) to Apache httpd's Project Management Committee.
All of the Apache products are maintained in shared information repositories using Subversion on. Only some of the Apache developers have write access to these repositories; everyone has read access.
Each of the Apache Project's active source code repositories contain a file called "STATUS" which is used to keep track of the agenda and plans for work within that repository. The STATUS file includes information about release plans, a summary of code changes committed since the last release, a list of proposed changes that are under discussion, brief notes about items that individual developers are working on or want discussion about, and anything else that might be useful to help the group track progress. The active STATUS files are automatically posted to the mailing list each week.
Many issues will be encountered by the project, each resulting in zero or more proposed action items. Issues should be raised on the mailing list as soon as they are identified. Action items must be raised on the mailing list and added to the relevant STATUS file. All action items may be voted on, but not all of them will require a formal vote.
Any of the Apache Developers may vote on any issue or action item. However, the only binding votes are those cast by active members of the Apache HTTP Server; if the vote is about a change to source code or documentation, the primary author of what is being changed may also cast a binding vote on that issue. All other votes are non-binding. All developers are encouraged to participate in decisions, but the decision itself is made by those who have been long-time contributors to the project. In other words, the Apache httpd Project is a minimum-threshold meritocracy.
The act of voting carries certain obligations -- voting members are not only stating their opinion, they are agreeing to help do the work of the Apache Project. Since we are all volunteers, members often become inactive for periods of time in order to take care of their "real jobs" or devote more time to other projects. It is therefore unlikely that the entire group membership will vote on every issue. To account for this, all voting decisions are based on a minimum quorum.
Each vote can be made in one of three flavors:
+1 : Yes, agree, or the action should be performed. On some issues, this vote is only binding if the voter has tested the action on their own system(s).
±0 : Abstain, no opinion, or I am happy to let the other group members decide this issue. An abstention may have detrimental effects if too many people abstain.
-1 : No. On issues where consensus is required, this vote counts as a veto. All vetos must include an explanation of why the veto is appropriate. A veto with no explanation is void. No veto can be overruled. If you disagree with the veto, you should lobby the person who cast the veto. Voters intending to veto an action item should make their opinions known to the group immediately, so that the problem can be remedied as early as possible.
An action item requiring consensus approval must receive at least 3 binding +1 votes and no vetos. An action item requiring majority approval must receive at least 3 binding +1 votes and more +1 votes than -1 votes ( i.e. , a majority with a minimum quorum of three positive votes). All other action items are considered to have lazy approval until someone votes -1 , after which point they are decided by either consensus or a majority vote, depending upon the type of action item.
Votes are tallied within the STATUS file, adjacent to the action item under vote. All votes must be either sent to the mailing list or added directly to the STATUS file entry for that action item.
Long term plans are simply announcements that group members are working on particular issues related to the Apache software. These are not voted on, but group members who do not agree with a particular plan, or think an alternate plan would be better, are obligated to inform the group of their feelings. In general, it is always better to hear about alternate plans prior to spending time on less adequate solutions.
Short term plans are announcements that a developer is working on a particular set of documentation or code files, with the implication that other developers should avoid them or try to coordinate their changes. This is a good way to proactively avoid conflict and possible duplication of work.
A release plan is used to keep all the developers aware of when a release is desired, who will be the release manager, when the repository will be frozen in order to create the release, and assorted other trivia to keep us from tripping over ourselves during the final moments. Lazy majority (at least 3 x +1 and more +1 than -1) decides each issue in the release plan.
After a new release is built, colloquially termed a tarball, it must be tested before being released to the public. Majority approval is required before the tarball can be publically released.
Showstoppers are issues that require a fix be in place before the next public release. They are listed in the STATUS file in order to focus special attention on the problem. An issue becomes a showstopper when it is listed as such in STATUS and remains so by lazy consensus.
Changes to the Apache products, including code and documentation, will appear as action items under several categories corresponding to the change status:
Concept/Plan : an idea or plan for a change. These are usually only listed in STATUS when the change is substantial, significantly impacts the API, or is likely to be controversial. Votes are being requested early so as to uncover conflicts before too much work is done.
Proposed patch: A specific set of changes to the current product in the form of input to the patch command (a diff output).
Committed change : A one-line summary of a change that has been committed to the repository since the last public release. All product changes to the currently active repository are subject to lazy consensus. All product changes to a prior-branch (old version) repository require consensus before the change is committed.
Backport: A backport is the application of a change on the Subversion repository trunk to the a maintenance branch of the project. This is necessary in cases where an issue exists in multiple versions of the Apache HTTP Server. A fix for such an issue will typically be developed for the trunk, which is under active development.
Ideas must be review-then-commit; patches can be commit-then-review. With a commit-then-review process, we trust that the developer doing the commit has a high degree of confidence in the change. Doubtful changes, new features, and large-scale overhauls need to be discussed before being committed to a repository. Any change that affects the semantics of arguments to configurable directives, significantly adds to the runtime size of the program, or changes the semantics of an existing API function must receive consensus approval on the mailing list before being committed.
Each developer is responsible for notifying the mailing list and adding an action item to STATUS when they have an idea for a new feature or major change to propose for the product. The distributed nature of the Apache project requires an advance notice of 48 hours in order to properly review a major change -- consensus approval of either the concept or a specific patch is required before the change can be committed. Note that a member might veto the concept (with an adequate explanation), but later rescind that veto if a specific patch satisfies their objections. No advance notice is required to commit singular bug fixes.
Related changes should be committed as a group, or very closely together. Half-completed projects should not be committed unless doing so is necessary to pass the baton to another developer who has agreed to complete the project in short order. All code changes must be successfully compiled on the developer's platform before being committed.
The current source code tree should be capable of complete compilation at all times. However, it is sometimes impossible for a developer on one platform to avoid breaking some other platform when a change is committed, particularly when completing the change requires access to a special development tool on that other platform. If it is anticipated that a given change will break some other platform, the committer must indicate that in the commit log.
The committer is responsible for the quality of any third-party code or documentation they commit to the repository. All software committed to the repository must be covered by the Apache LICENSE or contain a copyright and license that allows redistribution under the same conditions as the Apache LICENSE.
A committed change must be reversed if it is vetoed by one of the voting members and the veto conditions cannot be immediately satisfied by the equivalent of a "bug fix" commit. The veto must be rescinded before the change can be included in any public release.
Many code changes should be noted in the CHANGES file, and all should be documented in Subversion commit messages. Often the text of the Subversion log and the CHANGES entry are the same, but the distinct requirements sometimes result in different information.
The Subversion commit log message contains any information needed by
fellow developers or other people researching source code changes/fixes
end users (at least point out what the implications are for end users; it doesn't have to be in the most user friendly wording)
If the code change was provided by a non-committer, attribute it using Submitted-by. If the change was committed verbatim, identify the committer(s) who reviewed it with Reviewed-by. If the change was committed with modifications, use the appropriate wording to document that, perhaps "committed with changes" if the person making the commit made the changes, or "committed with contributions from xxxx" if others made contributions to the code committed.
Example log message:
Check the return code from parsing the content length, to avoid a crash if requests contain an invalid content length.
PR: 99999
Submitted by: Jane Doe <janedoe example.com>
Reviewed by: susiecommitter
Commit messages can be minimal when making routine updates to STATUS, for example to propose a backport or vote.
CHANGES is the subset of the information that end users need to see when they upgrade from one release to the next:
what can I now do that I couldn't do before
what problems that we anticipate a user could have suffered from are now fixed
all security fixes included, with CVE number. (If not available at the time of the commit, add later.)
The usability of CHANGES for end users decreases as information of use to few individuals, or which doesn't pertain to evaluating the new release, is added. Specifically:
Fixes for bugs introduced after the last release don't belong in CHANGES.
Fixes for bugs that we don't expect anybody noticed don't belong in CHANGES. (Bend the rule a little for outside contributions, as the submitter may need to see their name in lights as reward for their efforts, which typically were undertaken with no guarantee that any committer would take interest.)
Documentation fixes, whether for end users or developers, don't belong in CHANGES.
CHANGES applies to changes even between alpha releases, so backporting a change from trunk to a stable release does not generally require removing the change from the CHANGES file in trunk.
The attribution for the change is anyone responsible for the code changes.
Identify non-committers by name, and their email in obfuscated form if
available. The obfuscation is done by replacing "@" with a space and adding
"<" and ">" around the address. For example, change
user@example.com to <user example.com>.
Identify committers with their Apache userid, e.g. xyz (no domain name
needed).
If the change is related to a bugzilla issue, include the PR number in the log in the format:
PR 1234
Security-related changes should start like this:
*) SECURITY: CVE-YYYY-NNNN (cve.mitre.org)
xxxxx
Most changes are inserted at the top of the CHANGES file. However, security-related changes should always be at the top of the list of changes for the relevant release, so if there are unreleased security changes at the top of the file, insert other changes below them.
Example CHANGES entries:
*) SECURITY: CVE-2009-3095 (cve.mitre.org)
mod_proxy_ftp: sanity check authn credentials.
[Stefan Fritsch <sf fritsch.de>, Joe Orton]
*) SECURITY: CVE-2016-1546 (cve.mitre.org)
mod_http2: restricting number of concurrent stream workers per connection if client is slow.
Open source projects, ASF or otherwise, have varying procedures for commits of vulnerability fixes. One important aspect of these procedures is whether or not fixes to vulnerabilities can be committed to a repository with commit logs and possibly CHANGES entries which purposefully obscure the vulnerability and omit any available vulnerability tracking information. The Apache HTTP Server project has decided that it is in the best interest of our users that the initial commit of such code changes to any branch will provide the best description available at that time as well as any available tracking information such as CVE number. Committing of the fix will be delayed until the project determines that all of the information about the issue can be shared.
In some cases there are very real benefits to sharing code early even if full information about the issue cannot, including the potential for broader review, testing, and distribution of the fix. This is outweighed by the concern that sharing only the code changes allows skilled analysts to determine the impact and exploit mechanisms but does not allow the general user community to determine if preventative measures should be taken.
If a vulnerability is partially disclosed by committing a fix before the bug is determined to be exploitable, the httpd security team will decide on a case by case basis when to document the security implications and tracking number.
When a specific change to the software is proposed for discussion or voting
on the mailing list, it should be presented in the form of input to the
patch command. When sent to the mailing list, the message should contain a
Subject beginning with [PATCH] and a distinctive one-line summary
corresponding to the action item for that patch. Afterwords, the patch
summary in the STATUS file should be updated to point to the Message-ID of
that message.
The patch should be created by using the diff -u command from
the original software file(s) to the modified software file(s). E.g. one of the following:
diff -u http_main.c.orig http_main.c >> patchfile.txtsvn diff http_main.c >> patchfile.txtAll patches necessary to address an action item should be concatenated within a single patch message. If later modification of the patch proves necessary, the entire new patch should be posted and not just the difference between two patches. The STATUS file entry should then be updated to point to the new patch message.
The completed patchfile should produce no errors or prompts when the
following command is issued in the target repository: patch -s < patchfile
Outstanding issues with this document
We may need a better definition for "lazy consensus".
We should clarify under what conditions a veto can be rescinded or overridden.
Should we set a time limit on vetos of patches? Two weeks?